
這篇筆記:一篇 LR 拿到 8 的優缺點作文:哪些用字撐起 8 分、哪些口頭禪其實一直在重複,以及「只問優缺點」和「Outweigh」的差別。
✦ 這篇筆記帶你看

這篇是 2024 年 7 月 1 日寫的,題目來自劍橋雅思 15 Test 4。這時已經是我那段密集練習的最後幾天,隔天 7 月 2 日就是最後一批送改的作文。這篇小分是 TR 8、CC 8、LR 8、GRA 7,總分 7.5,也是我這段時間唯一一篇 LR 拿到 8 的作文。
LR(Lexical Resource,字彙)在我那段時間的五十篇左右作文裡,幾乎都是 7。所以這篇對我來說很值得拆解:它到底用了什麼字,讓 LR 上了 8?同時我也想誠實地指出,這篇裡面其實還是有很多我每篇都會用的「口頭禪」,LR 8 並不代表用字已經完美。最後,這題在我的筆記裡被歸在 Outweigh 類,但題目其實只問優缺點,這個差別我也會一起說明。
一、題目與寫作背景
題目大意:在某些文化中,大人常常告訴孩子,只要夠努力,就能做到任何事。題目問:給孩子這樣的訊息,有什麼優點和缺點?
| 項目 | 內容 |
|---|---|
| 出處 | 劍橋雅思 15 Test 4 |
| 題型 | Advantages and Disadvantages(優缺點題,題目沒有要求表態) |
| 寫作日期 | 2024/07/01 |
| 用時 | 15:00–15:41,約 41 分鐘 |
| 字數 | 323 字(我當時自己記的字數) |
| 優點 | 一、讓孩子敢追求真正的夢想;二、激發潛力 |
| 缺點 | 一、忽略失敗的可能,可能造成財務損失;二、沒有心理準備,可能導致憂鬱等心理問題 |
我寫之前的大綱
筆記裡留著我動筆前寫的關鍵字大綱:優點一,激勵孩子努力;優點二,激發潛力。缺點一,不知道失敗的可能 → 無法承受壓力;缺點二,了解現實之後 → 有些人可能出現憂鬱等心理問題 → 影響心理健康。
把大綱和成品對照,會發現兩個地方在寫的過程中改變了。優點一從「激勵孩子努力」變成「讓孩子敢選真正有興趣的夢想」,這個改變讓論點更有深度,是好的改變。缺點一則從「無法承受壓力」變成「財務損失」,而原本的「壓力」被移到了缺點二。這個臨時調整,剛好可以解釋為什麼缺點一會突然出現 initial investment,主詞也從孩子跳到成人:大綱裡沒有這條因果鏈,中間的橋接自然就容易漏掉。
「只問優缺點」和「Outweigh」不一樣
這題在我的筆記裡和 Outweigh 題放在一起,因為兩者都要寫優點和缺點。但仔細看題目,它只問 What are the advantages and disadvantages,沒有問「優點是否大於缺點」,也沒有要你給意見。所以這篇只要把優點和缺點各寫清楚就好,不表態也完全符合題目要求。
| 題目問法 | 要做的事 | 結論要不要表態 |
|---|---|---|
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of …? | 優點一段、缺點一段,各兩個理由 | 不需要(可以簡單總結雙方) |
| Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? | 優缺點都要寫,並說明哪邊比較重 | 一定要,開頭和結論都要說 |
| Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and give your opinion. | 優缺點各一段+自己的看法 | 要,通常放開頭和結論 |
二、分數與英文原文(未修改)
四項平均 7.75,總分 7.5。下面是送出批改的原始版本,錯誤全部保留。
以下為送出批改的原始版本,未修改(2024/07/01,323 字)
It is true that some children are taught that their dreams will come true if they work or study hard. The purpose of this essay is to analyze both merits and demerits of this phenomenon.
There are some reasons why telling this to children seems to be beneficial. The primary one is that it motivates them to concentrate on finding real dreams, no matter how difficult those goals may be. In other words, when youngsters understand that they can successfully reach their goals in the future, it is possible that they will try to set up their goals that they are really interested in, instead of finding those easier ones. Another factor is that it boosts children’s potential. If children know that they can success after working hard, they will make an effort to enhance their capabilities and focus on their realms, further fostering their professions. Consequently, the ability of the younger generation will undeniably rise simultaneously, which increases the competitiveness of the society.
However, teaching children that their dreams will undoubtedly come true is sometimes disadvantageous. First and foremost, those people may encounter financial difficulties since they do not take the possibility of failure into consideration. Due to the fact that they are taught to keep working to reach their dreams, people lose the ability to evaluate the sides of getting loss. Therefore, they may need to undertake the big loss of their initial investment because of the inappropriate anticipation of the outcome. Secondly, it causes some mental illnesses like depression. It is readily apparent that if people do not know about the potential consequences, they do not prepare for the pressure they may meet, which negatively impacts people’s mental well-being.
In conclusion, there are both benefits and downsides of this situation. Teaching children this view can motivate them to find their real dreams and boost their full potential; nevertheless, it sometimes poses a financial burden and causes mental illnesses as well.
三、這篇為什麼拿到 7.5:四項逐一對照
| 評分項目 | 這篇的證據 | 我的判斷 |
|---|---|---|
| Task Response 8 | 優點兩個、缺點兩個,都有解釋;結論總結雙方。完全符合「只問優缺點」的要求。 | 回應充分;缺點一從「孩子」跳到「投資虧損」中間缺一步,缺點二展開較短。 |
| Coherence & Cohesion 8 | The primary one … Another factor …/First and foremost … Secondly …,兩段結構對稱。 | 段落分工清楚;段內用 In other words、Consequently、Therefore 推進,邏輯順暢。 |
| Lexical Resource 8 | no matter how difficult those goals may be、take the possibility of failure into consideration、initial investment、inappropriate anticipation of the outcome。 | 用字範圍廣、能精準表達抽象概念;仍有 evaluate the sides of getting loss 等不自然搭配,以及固定口頭禪。 |
| Grammatical Range & Accuracy 7 | no matter how … 讓步子句、Due to the fact that …、if …, they do not …。 | can success、both merits and demerits 漏冠詞、their goals that they are really interested in 等錯誤。 |

Task Response 8:剛好回答題目問的
TR 8 的描述大意是:充分回應題目所有部分,論點有延伸和支持。這篇的開頭 The purpose of this essay is to analyze both merits and demerits of this phenomenon 直接說明要做什麼,沒有多餘的表態;兩個主體段分別寫優點和缺點;結論用 there are both benefits and downsides 總結,再各摘要兩點。整篇剛好回答題目問的,不多也不少。
優點段的第一個理由特別有想法:不是單純說「這句話能激勵孩子」,而是說「孩子會因此敢選自己真正有興趣的目標,而不是挑比較容易的」。這比「激勵孩子努力」多了一層:它改變的是孩子「選擇目標的方式」。第二個理由「激發潛力」則延伸到 the ability of the younger generation will … rise,從個人推到整個世代。
Coherence & Cohesion 8:熟悉的對稱結構
CC 8 的描述大意是:資訊排列有邏輯,銜接處理得好,分段恰當。這篇延續了我後期作文的固定結構:主體段第一句說「這一方有理由」,接著用標示詞列出兩個理由,每個理由後面接 In other words、If …、Due to the fact that … 這類說明句。讀者可以很快找到四個論點的位置。
GRA 7:唯一沒到 8 的一項
GRA 7 代表句型有變化、很多句子沒有錯,但錯誤還不夠少。這篇的錯誤大多是詞性和冠詞,例如 can success(應為 succeed)、both merits and demerits(應為 both the merits and demerits)。這些錯誤不影響理解,但數量讓 GRA 停在 7。下面第五節會詳細列出。
四、LR 8 的用字,以及我反覆出現的口頭禪
撐起 LR 8 的用字
LR 8 的描述大意是:能流暢、靈活地使用廣泛的字彙來表達精確的意思,能巧妙使用不常見的字,只有偶爾的用字或搭配不準確。對照這篇,我認為撐起 8 分的是缺點段那幾個「精準描述抽象概念」的說法:
| 原文用字 | 意思 | 為什麼加分 |
|---|---|---|
| no matter how difficult those goals may be | 不論目標多困難 | 讓步句型+情態動詞 may,語氣精準 |
| take the possibility of failure into consideration | 把失敗的可能性納入考量 | 比 think about failure 更精確、更正式 |
| initial investment | 最初投入的成本 | 具體的經濟用語,和「財務困難」的論點緊密相連 |
| inappropriate anticipation of the outcome | 對結果不恰當的預期 | 用名詞化(nominalisation)表達抽象概念,很學術 |
| the potential consequences | 可能的後果 | 搭配自然,避免重複 failure |
| mental well-being | 心理健康 | 比 mental health 更有變化 |
這些字本身不算罕見,但它們有一個共同點:精準地說出了我想表達的概念。例如「孩子以為努力一定成功,所以對結果有錯誤的期待」,我用了 inappropriate anticipation of the outcome,一個名詞片語就把整個想法包起來。LR 8 看的不只是字難不難,而是能不能「準確又有彈性」地表達意思。
名詞化:把一整句話收成一個片語
這篇最值得學的技巧,是名詞化(nominalisation):把一個動作或一整個想法,轉成名詞片語。學術寫作很常用這個方法,因為它能讓句子更精簡,也更容易接上其他句子。下面是幾個示範,左邊是一般寫法,右邊是名詞化後的寫法:
| 一般寫法(較口語) | 名詞化寫法(示範) |
|---|---|
| they expect the result wrongly | their inappropriate anticipation of the outcome |
| they do not think that they might fail | their failure to consider the possibility of failure |
| houses are becoming more and more expensive | the rapid rise in property prices |
| people move from villages to cities | rural-to-urban migration |
| food is transported over long distances | the long-distance transportation of food |
名詞化不是每句都要用,用太多反而會讓文章很難讀。我的建議是每個主體段至少有一個,放在說明抽象原因的地方,例如「為什麼這會造成問題」。這篇的 inappropriate anticipation of the outcome 就放在缺點一的結果句,剛好是最需要精準表達的位置。
但我的口頭禪還是在
誠實地說,這篇也有很多我幾乎每篇都會用的固定說法。我把這次整理的幾篇範文放在一起比對,發現下面這些片語反覆出現:
| 口頭禪 | 這篇的用法 | 也出現在 |
|---|---|---|
| It is readily apparent that … | 第三段最後 | 縮短工時、全球食物 |
| undeniably / undoubtedly / definitely | will undeniably rise | 鄉村人口、競爭 vs 合作、縮短工時 |
| simultaneously | rise simultaneously | 鄉村人口、全球食物、買房 |
| the competitiveness of the society | 優點段結尾 | 競爭 vs 合作(兩次)、縮短工時 |
| mental illnesses like depression | 缺點二 | 競爭 vs 合作、縮短工時 |
這些片語本身沒有錯,但它們常常是「填空用」的:simultaneously 在 the ability of the younger generation will undeniably rise simultaneously 裡其實沒有意義(和什麼同時?),undeniably 也只是加強語氣。LR 能拿 8,是因為缺點段的精準用字蓋過了這些口頭禪;但如果想讓 LR 穩定在 8,這些萬用片語是最該先處理的。
仍然不自然的搭配
| 原文 | 問題 | 建議寫法 |
|---|---|---|
| set up their goals | set up 多指設立組織、架設設備 | set goals |
| instead of finding those easier ones | 目標是「選」的,不是「找」的 | instead of choosing easier ones |
| focus on their realms | realm 偏文學性,且不自然 | focus on their chosen fields |
| further fostering their professions | foster 的受詞應是能力,不是職業 | developing their professional skills |
| evaluate the sides of getting loss | 意思不清 | assess the risk of losing |
| undertake the big loss | undertake 是「承擔任務」,損失要用 suffer | suffer heavy losses |
| the pressure they may meet | pressure 搭配 face | the pressure they may face |
五、還沒到 8 分的地方:主詞跳躍與 GRA 小錯
TR:缺點一的主詞跳躍
優點段一直在講 children、youngsters,但缺點段第一個理由突然變成 those people may encounter financial difficulties,接著出現 initial investment。讀者會疑惑:孩子為什麼會有投資?中間少了一句「這些孩子長大後……」的橋接。我想說的其實是:從小被教導「努力就會成功」的人,長大後做決定時可能不會評估風險,例如把積蓄全部投入一個風險很高的計畫。但原文把「長大」這一步省略了,主詞從孩子直接跳到成人。
缺點二「心理問題」的展開也比較短,只有兩句。if people do not know about the potential consequences, they do not prepare for the pressure they may meet 說明了「沒有心理準備」,但沒有說明「為什麼會變成憂鬱」。比較完整的推論是:當努力沒有換來承諾的結果時,他們會認為失敗完全是自己的錯,這種自責才是心理問題的來源。
GRA:錯誤清單
| 原文 | 問題 | 建議寫法 |
|---|---|---|
| analyze both merits and demerits | both 後面接特定名詞要加 the | analyse both the merits and demerits |
| try to set up their goals that they are really interested in | their 和 that 子句重複限定 | set goals that they are genuinely interested in |
| they can success | success 是名詞,要用動詞 succeed | they can succeed |
| the sides of getting loss | loss 是名詞,getting loss 不成立 | the risk of losing money |
| undertake the big loss of their initial investment | 冠詞+搭配 | lose a large part of their initial investment |
| benefits and downsides of this situation | 介系詞 | benefits and downsides to this situation |
這些錯誤分散在全文,每一個都不嚴重,但加起來就是 GRA 7 和 8 的差別。其中 can success 這種詞性錯誤最容易避免:寫完之後檢查每個情態動詞(can、will、may、should)後面,是不是接原形動詞。
六、改寫示範:缺點段與 Outweigh 版結論
以下是我現在重寫的版本,標註「改寫示範」,不是當時送出的內容。
改寫示範一:缺點段
【改寫示範】
However, this message can also be harmful. First, children who believe that effort always leads to success may grow up without learning to assess risk. As adults, they might put all their savings into a business or a long training programme without considering what will happen if it fails, and end up facing serious financial difficulties. Secondly, the message can damage young people’s mental health. When hard work does not produce the promised result, which is inevitable at some point in life, they may conclude that the failure is entirely their own fault. This sense of personal inadequacy can lead to anxiety or even depression.
- 加上 grow up 和 As adults,從「孩子」到「投資」的跳躍有了橋接。
- evaluate the sides of getting loss 改成 assess risk,undertake the big loss 改成 facing serious financial difficulties。
- 缺點二補上「把失敗歸咎於自己」這個中間步驟,心理問題的成因更完整。
- mental illnesses like depression 這個固定說法,換成 a sense of personal inadequacy、anxiety or even depression。
改寫示範二:如果題目是 Outweigh
如果同一個情境改成問「優點是否大於缺點」,結論就一定要表態。下面是一個示範結論,你可以比較它和原文結論的差別:
【改寫示範】
In conclusion, telling children that they can achieve anything has clear benefits, as it encourages them to pursue meaningful goals and develop their abilities. However, it can also leave them unprepared for failure. On balance, I believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, provided that parents also teach their children that setbacks are a normal part of trying.
這個結論多了兩個元素:On balance, I believe … 明確表態,以及 provided that … 加上一個條件。這個條件句是 Outweigh 題很好用的技巧:它讓你的立場不那麼絕對,同時又回應了缺點段提到的問題。原文的題目不需要表態,所以原文的結論只總結雙方,是正確的寫法。
七、優缺點題結構與句型
優缺點題四段式結構
| 段落 | 要做的事 | 這篇的對應 |
|---|---|---|
| 開頭 | 轉述題目+說明會分析優點和缺點(題目沒問就不必表態) | It is true that … The purpose of this essay is to analyze both merits and demerits … |
| 主體一 | 優點:兩個理由,各有解釋或延伸 | 敢追求真正的夢想;激發潛力 |
| 主體二 | 缺點:兩個理由,各有解釋或延伸 | 忽略失敗風險;心理壓力 |
| 結論 | 總結雙方各兩點 | In conclusion, there are both benefits and downsides … |
可以帶走的句型
It is true that … . This essay will examine both the advantages and disadvantages of this.
There are several reasons why … seems beneficial. The primary one is that …, no matter how … .
However, … can also be harmful. First, … may grow up without … . As adults, they might … .
When … does not …, which is inevitable at some point, they may conclude that … .
In conclusion, … has clear benefits, as it … . However, it can also … .
這題可以用的精準字彙
| 想表達 | 建議用字 |
|---|---|
| 追求目標 | pursue a goal、aim high、set ambitious goals |
| 評估風險 | assess the risks、weigh the potential costs、take failure into account |
| 遭受損失 | suffer heavy losses、lose a large part of their savings |
| 面對挫折 | cope with setbacks、bounce back from failure、resilience |
| 不切實際的期待 | unrealistic expectations、a false sense of certainty |
| 自責 | blame themselves、a sense of personal inadequacy |
常見問題
| 問題 | 我的看法 |
|---|---|
| 優缺點題可以順便表態嗎? | 可以,在結論加一句看法不會扣分;但題目沒問時,不表態也完全沒問題。時間緊的話,把力氣留給主體段。 |
| 優點和缺點要一樣多嗎? | 建議各兩個,篇幅大致相當。題目問的是兩邊,只寫一邊或一邊明顯單薄,TR 會受影響。 |
| 一定要用很學術的字才能拿 LR 8 嗎? | 不用。關鍵是精準:在需要表達抽象概念的地方,用一個剛好的片語。這篇的高分用字其實都是常見字的組合。 |
| 口頭禪全部刪掉會不會字數不夠? | 刪掉口頭禪後空出來的字數,剛好可以拿來補橋接句和因果鏈,對 TR 更有幫助。 |
八、自我檢查清單與練習
✦ 寫完優缺點題後的自我檢查
- ☐ 題目最後一句有沒有 outweigh 或 give your opinion?有的話一定要表態。
- ☐ 優點、缺點是不是各有一整段,而且各兩個理由?
- ☐ 每段的主詞是否一致?有沒有從「孩子」突然跳到「成人」而沒有橋接?
- ☐ 每個理由的因果鏈是否完整?特別是比較短的那一個。
- ☐ 有沒有用名詞化或精準的片語,表達抽象概念?
- ☐ simultaneously、undeniably、readily apparent 這類口頭禪出現幾次?
- ☐ 情態動詞(can、will、may)後面是不是接原形動詞?
- ☐ both … and … 後面接特定名詞時,有沒有加 the?
- ☐ loss、success、analysis 這類名詞,有沒有誤當動詞用?
練習一:找口頭禪
把你最近五篇大作文放在一起,找出每篇都出現的片語,列成一張表。每個片語寫下兩個替換說法,或判斷它是否可以直接刪掉。
練習二:補橋接句
原文缺點一的第一句是 those people may encounter financial difficulties since they do not take the possibility of failure into consideration。請在這句前面補一句,把主詞從「孩子」自然地帶到「成人」。
練習三:改成 Outweigh
假設題目改成 Do the advantages of giving children this message outweigh the disadvantages?,請重寫開頭第二句,讓立場在開頭就出現。提示:可以用 Although …, I believe … 的句型。
這篇是我密集練習最後幾天的作文,也是 LR 唯一拿到 8 的一篇。回頭看,它讓我學到的是:LR 8 不一定需要很難的字,而是要在關鍵的地方用對的字。如果你的 LR 也卡在 7,可以先從兩件事開始:刪掉自己的口頭禪,以及在每個主體段至少放一個「精準描述抽象概念」的片語。
延伸閱讀
- 雅思小分怎麼查?看懂寫作四項小分
- Ali 老師:把寫作架構精簡化,從 400 字寫到 300 字
- IDP 複查成功經驗:寫作從 6.5 到 7.0
- Farid 前考官:口說、寫作即時批改的上課心得
- IELTS 備考筆記總覽
IELTS 寫作攻略導覽 · 分數範文(第 19 / 19 篇)
← 上一篇:7.5|為什麼大家都想買房?雙問題怎麼拿到 GRA 8
✦ Target Your Future
有些日子,明明練了很久,成績卻還停在原地。希望這篇筆記能讓你知道,備考路上遇到挫折並不孤單。一次次重聽的錄音、改過的作文、終於敢說出口的句子,都是你已經走過的路。
把這些經驗寫下來,是想陪下一個正在準備的人少繞一點路。你不必照著我的方法前進,只需要慢慢找到適合自己的節奏。累的時候可以休息,再回來做今天能完成的一小步。
願你最後帶走的,不只是成績單上的數字,還有更相信自己、敢往世界走近一點的勇氣。
— Ting
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