這篇筆記： 用我的第 23、17 篇看原因和影響怎麼不重複，再整理骨架句型和一段 Causes & Solutions 示範。
Problems/Solutions 題型｜共 3 篇
- 1. 三種變體、對應表與具體解方
- 2. 因果實例、骨架句型與示範（你正在讀）
- 3. 常見錯誤、流程與練習
四、Causes & Effects：用我的第 23、17 篇看原因和影響
我自己最接近這類題目的兩篇，剛好可以拿來看「原因」和「影響」怎麼寫才不會重複、不會太窄。
第 23 篇：自雇的原因＋缺點（7）
這篇開頭第二句只有一行，卻同時照顧到兩個問題，是我很推薦的 Causes & Effects 骨架：
This phenomenon may result from several reasons and may lead to some drawbacks.
Body A 的第一個原因用了「對比」來解釋：
The first reason is that traditional jobs always have tight work shift. By running businesses by themselves, they can undoubtedly have flexiable schedule, providing more free time to do additional activities or stay with family members.
先說傳統工作的限制（推力），再說自雇的好處（拉力），讀者很容易理解「為什麼會選」。用字上 flexiable 應為 flexible；tight work shift 想說的是「工時固定」，寫 fixed working hours 比較自然。
Body B 的第一個缺點是收入不穩定：
First and foremost, it is readily apparent that the salary those people earn is not stable. To put it another way, since those self-employed people do not have enough sources of stakeholders or suppliers, they sometimes do not have stable money or revenue to pay for themselves.
這裡有一個很好的「對應」：原因一是「時間自由」，缺點一是「收入不固定」──自由的代價就是沒有固定薪水。兩個點有關聯，但屬於不同面向（時間 vs 金錢），不是同一件事的正反面，所以讀起來是「有因有果」，而不是重複。可惜的是機制寫得不清楚：收入不穩定的原因不是缺少 stakeholders（利害關係人）或 suppliers（供應商），而是客源不穩定。寫成 since their income depends on how many customers they attract each month 就精準多了。
第二個缺點（容易受外部衝擊，以疫情為例）有一句很致命的筆誤：do have ability 少了 not，意思整個相反。這個在 Two-question 那篇講過，這裡只提醒：寫解方或影響時，否定詞漏掉，整段的對應就會倒過來。
第 17 篇：原因要能解釋「越來越多人」（6.5）
這題問的是一個趨勢：為什麼越來越多人想知道自己房子的歷史。我的第一個原因是想增加社區歸屬感，第二個原因是：
Secondly, some people want to write some small stories and even publications for the place they live in. “Telling about you home place”, a famous writing competition which hold annually in Taiwan, is a good example of this matter.
結構沒有問題：先寫原因，再用比賽當例子。但這個原因本身太窄了，「想寫故事、出版品」的人只是少數，很難解釋一個「越來越多人」的趨勢。原因段的每一個點，都應該能回答「為什麼這件事會擴散到很多人」。比較能撐起趨勢的原因，例如：
- 買房、租房前想了解屋況和安全（是否曾經淹水、結構有沒有改建過）──影響的是所有住戶。
- 網路上的老照片、地方誌越來越容易取得，查歷史的門檻變低──說明「為什麼是現在」。
- 寫作比賽可以留下來，但改當成「想記錄家鄉故事」這個原因底下的例子。
另外，這篇其實藏著一個沒有寫出來的對應：Body B 的第二個方法是去問社區長輩，這正好呼應 Body A 的第一個原因「想融入社區」。如果在方法段加一句 Talking to older neighbours can also help newcomers feel more connected to the community.，兩段就會扣在一起，讀起來像一整篇在推進的分析。
影響不是把原因再講一次
Causes & Effects 最常見的重複，是影響段把原因換句話說。以自雇為例（以下為示範）：
| 原因 | 影響（好的寫法） | 影響（重複的寫法） | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ① | 想要彈性工時 | 工作和生活的界線變模糊，很多人反而工作得更久（個人） | 人們可以自由安排時間 |
| ② | 想要成就感、自己的事業 | 小型新創變多，帶來新的就業機會（社會） | 人們覺得很有成就感 |
右欄的「影響」只是把原因改成結果的語氣，沒有新資訊。中間那欄才是真正的影響：它回答的是「這個趨勢發生之後，會帶來什麼新的變化」，而且一個落在個人、一個落在社會，層次也分開了。
五、骨架句型：筆記裡的短句型
下面是我筆記裡的骨架，加上我後來補的連接句。只要把內容填進去，Body A 和 Body B 的對應就會自然出現在句子裡：
Problems & Solutions
開頭第二句：This essay looks at some of the problems arising from …, and suggests some measures to address them.
Body A：This trend has led to several problems. The most serious one is that … Another issue is that …
Body B：There are several actions that governments could take to solve the problems described above. To tackle the first problem, … As for the second issue, …
結論：In conclusion, … causes problems such as A and B, but these can be addressed if … and ….
Causes & Solutions
開頭第二句：This essay will look at the main causes of this problem and suggest some solutions.
Body A：There are two main reasons for this. The first is that … The second reason is that …
Body B：Since the first cause is …, one effective solution would be to … This would … ／ To address the second cause, …
結論：In conclusion, … is mainly caused by A and B. These causes could be tackled by … and ….
Causes & Effects
開頭第二句：This phenomenon may result from several reasons and may lead to some drawbacks.（第 23 篇）
Body B：This trend has several consequences. On a personal level, … At a broader level, …
結論：In conclusion, people … because of A and B. As a result, ….
Body B 的 To tackle the first problem／As for the second issue／Since the first cause is … 是對應的「掛勾」：它們明白告訴讀者「這個解方是回應前面哪一點」。我認為這是問題解決類題目最划算的連接詞，比 Furthermore、Moreover 這類單純追加的字更能撐起 Coherence。
六、示範：一篇 Causes & Solutions 的主體段
題目（我的轉述）：在很多國家，體重過重的兒童越來越多。原因是什麼？可以怎麼解決？以下兩段依照第二節的對應表（見第 1 篇）寫成：
示範（Body A）：There are two main reasons for this trend. The first is that many parents, especially those who work long hours, rely on fast food and sugary drinks because they have little time to cook. Such meals are cheap and convenient, but they contain far more fat and sugar than children need. The second reason is that children today spend much of their free time in front of screens. Instead of playing outside after school, many of them sit for hours watching videos or playing games, so they burn very few calories.
示範（Body B）：Since busy parents often turn to fast food, one effective solution would be for schools to provide healthy lunches and ban sugary drinks on campus. This would ensure that children eat at least one balanced meal every day, regardless of how much time their parents have. To address the problem of screen time, schools and families should work together. Schools could include a short exercise session in every school day, while parents could agree on clear limits for screen use at home. In this way, the hours children spend sitting would gradually be replaced by physical activity.
| Body A 的關鍵字 | Body B 怎麼回扣 | 連接方式 |
|---|---|---|
| parents … rely on fast food … little time to cook | Since busy parents often turn to fast food … regardless of how much time their parents have | Since 句直接點名原因一 |
| spend much of their free time in front of screens … sit for hours | To address the problem of screen time … the hours children spend sitting would … be replaced | To address 句點名原因二，最後一句回扣 sit |
注意兩個解方的行動者不同（學校；學校＋家長），而且每個解方最後都有一句「為什麼有效」（ensure that…、In this way…）。這兩段各約 90 字，加上開頭和結論，整篇大約 280–300 字。
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IELTS 寫作攻略導覽 · 大作文架構（第 7 / 9 篇）
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✦ Target Your Future
有些日子，明明練了很久，成績卻還停在原地。希望這篇筆記能讓你知道，備考路上遇到挫折並不孤單。一次次重聽的錄音、改過的作文、終於敢說出口的句子，都是你已經走過的路。
把這些經驗寫下來，是想陪下一個正在準備的人少繞一點路。你不必照著我的方法前進，只需要慢慢找到適合自己的節奏。累的時候可以休息，再回來做今天能完成的一小步。
願你最後帶走的，不只是成績單上的數字，還有更相信自己、敢往世界走近一點的勇氣。
— Ting
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