最常被改的文法錯誤｜共 3 篇
- 1. 為什麼卡關、單複數與冠詞
- 2. 介係詞、if 句與主詞動詞一致（你正在讀）
- 3. 逗點串句與檢查清單
四、介係詞與動詞搭配：最容易「中文直翻」的地方
介係詞的錯幾乎都來自中文直翻：「在職場上」就寫 on the workplace、「在這個星球上」就寫 in this planet。我的筆記裡有一整頁「不是 X，是 Y」的對照，整理如下：
| 正確說法 | 我曾經寫成 | 中文意思／記法 |
|---|---|---|
| in the workplace | on the workplace | 職場被想成一個「空間」，用 in |
| on this planet | in this planet | 在地球「表面」上，用 on |
| in the entertainment industry | on entertainment industries | 在某個產業裡 |
| on a regular basis / on a daily basis | on a regular basic、on daily basic | 是 basis（基礎）不是 basic（基本的），前面要 a |
| put emphasis on | put emphasis（漏 on） | emphasis 是名詞，需要 on 接受詞 |
| overemphasize ＋受詞（不加介係詞） | overemphasize on appearance（Task 25） | emphasize 是及物動詞，直接接受詞 |
| search for information | search the functions | search X 是「搜查 X 這個地方」，找東西要 search for |
| the information in advertisements | information on advertisement | 內容「在」廣告裡 |
| distract sb from sth | distract sb to | 從某事分心 |
| major contributors to | major contributors in | contribute to 的名詞也是 to |
| concentrate on / focus on | concentrate in | 專注「在」某事上 |
| deprive A of B | — | 剝奪 A 的 B（depriving them of the chance to…） |
| be allocated to studying | be assigned to study | 這裡的 to 是介係詞，後面接 V-ing |
| pay attention to ＋ V-ing | pay attention to study | 同上，to 是介係詞 |
| pose a threat to | post a threat on / pose a threat on | 是 pose 不是 post；threat 接 to |
| benefit from free entrance to museums | free entrance of museums | 進入某地方用 entrance to |
| the demand for each product | the demand of each product | demand for 需求 |
| residents of a number of nations | residents from… | 某地的居民 |
| face uncertainty（不加 with） | face with the uncertainty（Task 23） | face 當動詞直接接受詞；be faced with 才有 with |
| help sb do sth | help them to find | 不是錯，但 help 後直接接原形更自然、更省字 |
另外兩個我很常混淆的組合也一起記：result in（導致，後面接結果）vs. result from（源自，後面接原因）；take X into consideration（不是 put X into consideration）。
五、if 條件句：三種句型與我寫錯的地方
if 條件句在大作文很好用，可以寫「如果政府這樣做，就會…」的推論。我筆記裡整理了三種常用句型：
| 類型 | 句型 | 例句 | 什麼時候用 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 真實條件（最常用） | If + S + 現在式, S + will + V | If the government raises taxes on sugary drinks, consumption will probably fall. | 大作文推論「政策的可能結果」，九成情況用這個 |
| 與現在事實相反 | If + S + 過去式, S + would + V | If I were rich, I would travel around the world. | 假設不太可能發生的狀況 |
| 與過去事實相反 | If + S + had + p.p., S + would have + p.p. | If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. | 用個人經驗舉例：「要不是當年…，我就會…」 |
第三種句型是我舉個人例子時用的。我在一篇關於「政府經費應不應該只給理科」的作文裡，就用了這個句型，大意是「如果當時政府沒有平等補助各科，我就只能放棄夢想」，結構是 I would have been forced to give up my dream if … had not been …，前後時態都對上了。下面用同樣的骨架寫一句示範：
我在 if 句裡真正犯的錯：if 子句少了 be 動詞
| 我寫的（✗） | 改法（✓） |
|---|---|
| ✗ if they unable to earn money from visitors（Task 21） | ✓ if they are unable to earn money from visitors |
| ✗ if we willing to try newer or dangerous things | ✓ if we are willing to try new or dangerous things |
| ✗ If workers enable to spend quality holiday | ✓ If workers are able to spend quality holidays |
| ✗ If the government rises the petrol price | ✓ If the government raises the petrol price |
前兩句是同一個毛病：形容詞（unable、willing）不能自己當動詞，前面一定要有 be 動詞；第三句則是把動詞 enable 和形容詞 able 搞混。第四句是 rise / raise 混用：rise 是不及物（價格自己上升），raise 是及物（政府「把」價格調高）。
六、主詞動詞一致：主詞一長就忘記
主詞動詞一致（subject–verb agreement）在我的作文裡最常出現在兩種情況：主詞很長，或主詞是動名詞。訣竅是找出主詞裡真正的「頭」，把修飾語都先遮起來。
| 我寫的（✗） | 真正的主詞 | 改法（✓） |
|---|---|---|
| ✗ Advertisements is beneficial to some extent.（試改 3） | Advertisements（複數） | ✓ Advertisements are beneficial |
| ✗ if a person keep seeing an item’s picture（試改 3） | a person（單數） | ✓ if a person keeps seeing |
| ✗ A wide range of illness, especially mental diseases, are good examples（Task 7） | illness → 改 illnesses | ✓ A wide range of illnesses … are good examples |
| ✗ most of the information residents want to know are available（Task 17） | information（不可數） | ✓ most of the information … is available |
| ✗ taking risks grant people more opportunities | taking risks（動名詞＝單數） | ✓ taking risks grants |
| ✗ Similarity, doing uncontrollable behaviors in our private life make us… | doing…（動名詞＝單數） | ✓ Similarly, behaving recklessly in our private lives makes us… |
| ✗ having houses are so important for some Taiwanese people | having houses（動名詞＝單數） | ✓ owning a house is so important |
| ✗ expenditure likes the salary … and maintenance cost is undoubtedly high（Task 21） | expenses … and maintenance costs（複數） | ✓ expenses such as staff salaries and maintenance costs are high |
還有一組要分清楚：a number of + 複數名詞 + 複數動詞（很多…）；the number of + 複數名詞 + 單數動詞（…的數量）。例如 A number of students are…；The number of students is increasing.
句子缺動詞：比主詞動詞不一致更嚴重
有時候不是動詞形態錯，而是根本少了動詞，讀起來就是一個沒寫完的句子。這類錯誤在 GRA 6 的篇目裡特別多：
| 我寫的（✗） | 改法（✓） |
|---|---|
| ✗ it is frequently been ignored（試改 3） | ✓ it is frequently ignored / it has frequently been ignored |
| ✗ Those opposed to the usage of driverless vehicles due to the following two reasons.（Task 15） | ✓ Those who oppose driverless vehicles do so for two reasons. |
| ✗ a number of sugary products still be sold in the markets（Task 7） | ✓ a number of sugary products will still be sold |
| ✗ two types of jobs need to paid highly（Task 25） | ✓ two types of jobs need to be paid highly |
| ✗ a city road, which located in the southern part（Task 19） | ✓ a city road, which was located in the south |
| ✗ A hotel is replaced the castle（Task 33） | ✓ A hotel has replaced the castle / The castle has been replaced by a hotel |
七、時態：論點用現在式，事件用過去式
大作文的時態其實很單純：論點用現在簡單式（一般事實與看法），描述趨勢用現在完成式（has risen、has become），舉過去發生的具體事件用過去式。我會錯，通常是在舉例時寫著寫著跳回現在式。
| 我寫的（✗） | 改法（✓） | 說明 |
|---|---|---|
| ✗ Taiwanese factories lose the whole market share after Chinese rice has been imported. | ✓ Taiwanese factories lost their market share after Chinese rice was imported. | 在講已經發生的事，前後都用過去式 |
| ✗ most of small and median corporations do have ability to overcome the difficulties when the pandemic happened.（Task 23） | ✓ most small and medium-sized companies did not have the ability to overcome the difficulties when the pandemic hit. | 疫情是過去事件；而且原句漏了 not，意思整個相反 |
| ✗ To put it another way, children lost opportunities to enhance their social skills. | ✓ children lose opportunities to develop their social skills | 這裡是一般論點，用現在式 |
| ✗ In 2000, … there are two spaces for fishing boats and marina（Task 33） | ✓ In 2000, … there were two areas for fishing boats and a marina | 小作文地圖題的過去年份要用過去式 |
小作文地圖題特別要注意：過去的地圖用過去式，「現在」的地圖用現在式或現在完成式（has been replaced）。我的兩篇地圖題 GRA 都只有 6，時態和被動語態混亂是主因之一。
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✦ Target Your Future
有些日子，明明練了很久，成績卻還停在原地。希望這篇筆記能讓你知道，備考路上遇到挫折並不孤單。一次次重聽的錄音、改過的作文、終於敢說出口的句子，都是你已經走過的路。
把這些經驗寫下來，是想陪下一個正在準備的人少繞一點路。你不必照著我的方法前進，只需要慢慢找到適合自己的節奏。累的時候可以休息，再回來做今天能完成的一小步。
願你最後帶走的，不只是成績單上的數字，還有更相信自己、敢往世界走近一點的勇氣。
— Ting
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