【雅思寫作|小作文架構】地圖題(1/3):題型辨識、時態判斷與改變動詞

雅思寫作封面:地圖題怎麼寫 時態與改變動詞(PART 1 / 3)
IELTS · 寫作攻略最後修訂 2026/11/09
IELTS 官方標誌
標誌來源:IELTS

這篇筆記: 先看地圖題的三種時間組合,用一張表判斷時態,再整理拆、蓋、改、搬、擴這些改變動詞怎麼寫。

地圖題怎麼寫|共 3 篇

  1. 1. 時態判斷與改變動詞(你正在讀)
  2. 2. 方位詞、分段與 Overview
  3. 3. 改寫示範與扣分點
地圖題一張圖看懂:過去到過去、過去到現在、現在到未來三種時間組合與時態;依時間分段的四段結構;Ting 六篇依時間分段 CC 7–8、依區域分段 CC 6
一張圖看懂:看標題判斷時態,依時間分段最穩。

地圖題是我寫得最「兩極」的題型。六篇地圖題裡,公園(Task 18)、港口(Task 33)拿 6.5,醫院道路(Task 19)只拿 6;工業區規劃(Task 31)、大學運動中心(Task 38)、小鎮中心(Task 46)則都拿到 7。看小分會發現一個很明顯的規律:依時間分段的五篇,CC 都有 7 或 8;唯一依區域(左、中、右)分段的公園那篇,CC 只有 6。

地圖題沒有數字,所以很多人以為比較簡單,其實它同時考三件事:時態(過去、現在、未來混在一起)、改變動詞(什麼被拆、什麼被蓋、什麼被改建),還有方位詞(在哪裡)。這篇就照這三件事,加上分段和 Overview,一次整理。

六篇對照:小分透露的事

篇目小分(TA/CC/LR/GRA)分段方式我自己看到的主要問題
Task 18 公園7/6/7/7依區域(中、左、右)時態在段落內來回切換;Upon entering … a former fountain 主詞錯位
Task 19 醫院道路5/7/7/6依時間Overview 抽象;一句兩個動詞;2007 段落用 can
Task 31 工業區6/8/7/7依時間鎮的方位寫錯;其餘結構很完整
Task 33 港口6/8/6/6依時間replace 與被動語態錯誤多;碼頭數量錯、漏寫新淋浴間
Task 38 運動中心7/8/7/7依時間用 we 當主詞;leisure pool in 多一個 in
Task 46 小鎮中心7/8/7/7依時間be taken place by、west-south 等片語錯誤;Overview 和結尾句都很好

這張表讓我看清楚兩件事。第一,CC 幾乎由分段方式決定:依時間的五篇 CC 是 7–8,依區域的那篇是 6。第二,TA 掉分都跟「資訊錯」有關:方位錯、數量錯、漏寫、Overview 沒抓到重點。地圖題沒有數字,但「看圖」的功夫一點都不能少。

一、題型辨識:三種時間組合

地圖題的第一步是看兩張圖的標題,判斷是哪一種時間組合,這會決定整篇的時態:

組合標題長相主要時態我寫過的例子
過去 → 過去1980 and 2000過去式、過去完成式(had been p.p.)醫院道路 2007 vs 2010(Task 19)
過去 → 現在in 1920 and today/now過去式描述過去;現在完成式描述改變;現在式描述現況公園 1920 vs 今天(Task 18)、港口 2000 vs 今天(Task 33)
現在 → 未來now and planned development/future plans現在式描述現況;will be p.p.、is planned to 描述未來工業區(Task 31)、運動中心(Task 38)、小鎮中心(Task 46)
學姊提醒:醫院道路那題是 2007 和 2010,兩個都是過去,所以改變要用過去式或過去完成式(By 2010, two roundabouts had been built),不能用現在完成式。我那篇寫成 there were two roundabouts had been built,一句話裡兩個動詞,是 GRA 只有 6 的原因之一。

第一句怎麼寫:依時間組合套骨架

地圖題的 Introduction 要把「兩張圖各是什麼時間」講清楚。我筆記裡依時間組合整理了三種骨架(以下為示範句):

組合骨架
過去 → 過去The maps illustrate how road access to a city hospital changed between 2007 and 2010.
過去 → 現在The plans show how Grange Park has changed since it first opened in 1920.
現在 → 未來The maps compare the centre of Islip as it is now with the planned development.
 The pictures illustrate the layout of University sports centre as it is today and as it’s future plans.
→ 改法 The plans illustrate the layout of a university sports centre as it is now and how it will look after redevelopment.
(Task 38)it’s 是 it is,所有格是 its;而且 as its future plans 文法上不通,兩個比較對象要平行。University sports centre 是通稱,前面要加 a。

二、時態判斷:一張表搞定

要描述的時態示範或 Ting 原文
過去的樣子過去式… a disused castle was located next to a public beach(Task 33)
過去到現在的改變現在完成式(被動)a former fountain in the middle of the park has been replaced by a rose garden(Task 18)
現在的樣子現在式an indoor stadium is in the centre(Task 38,小修:the main building)
未來的規劃will be+p.p.the outdoor courts will be replaced by two dance studios, a sports hall, and a changing room(Task 38)
未來的規劃(變化)is planned to+V/is expected to+Va new roundabout is planned to be built in the south(Task 31)
過去到過去的改變過去完成式(被動)By 2010, the bus stops had been removed.(示範)

現在 → 未來:規劃題的語氣

規劃題(plans、proposed、redevelopment)描述的是「還沒發生」的事,所以全部的改變都要放在未來語氣裡。我三篇規劃題用的句型其實不少:工業區那篇用了 is planned to be built、will be constructed、will be replaced by、will be demolished;運動中心那篇用了 will be expanded、will be constructed、will accommodate。這些都很好,唯一要注意的是現況那段要用現在式,不要因為整篇都在講未來,連現況也寫成 will。

規劃題還有一個加分句型:will make way for,意思是「讓位給」,例如 The factories will be demolished to make way for housing.(示範)。它同時交代了「拆」和「蓋」兩件事,比分成兩句簡潔。另外,is proposed、is set to 也可以替換 is planned to,讓 LR 更有變化。

Ting 原文:時態的常見錯誤

 A hotel is replaced the castle, and the private is been taken by a private one that only for hotel’s guests.
→ 改法 The castle has been converted into a hotel, and the public beach beside it has become a private beach for hotel guests.
(Task 33,LR 6/GRA 6)is replaced 後面不能直接接受詞,要嘛主動 A hotel has replaced the castle,要嘛被動 The castle has been replaced by a hotel;is been 不是英文;過去到今天的改變用現在完成式。

 In 2010, … there were two roundabouts had been built on two sides of the hospital road …
→ 改法 By 2010, two roundabouts had been built at either end of Hospital Road …
(Task 19)there were 和 had been built 只能留一個。

 Moreover, the places which previously accommodated fishing boats and marina now changes to store marina and fishing boats, respectively.
→ 改法 Moreover, the marina and the fishing boat area have swapped places.
(Task 33)主詞 the places 是複數,動詞要 change;而且一句 swapped places 就能講清楚兩個位置互換,比 respectively 好懂。

三、改變動詞表:拆、蓋、改、搬、擴

地圖題的 LR 高低,幾乎就看這張表。同一篇裡不要只用 build 和 replace,要按照圖上的實際變化選字:

變化動詞(被動)示範或 Ting 原文
A 變成 B(取代)A has been replaced by B/B has taken the place of Aa water feature has taken the place of former glasshouse(Task 18,小修:the former glasshouse)
A 改建成 B(建物還在)A has been converted into B/turned into BThe castle has been converted into a hotel.(示範)
拆除be demolished/be knocked down/be removedall of the factories will be demolished(Task 31)
新建be built/be constructed/be added/be erecteda new entrance to underground car park has been built(Task 18)
搬遷be relocated to/be moved toit was relocated on the right side of the city hospital(Task 19,小修:relocated to the east of the hospital)
擴大be extended/be expanded/be enlarged/be widenedroads will be expanded(Task 31)
縮小be reduced in size/be narrowedthe original park will be narrowed(Task 46,小修:reduced in size)
沒有變remain unchanged/stay the same/no changes are made tothe location of the school will remain unchanged(Task 46)
空間用途改變the area that once housed A now accommodates Bthe section which previously housed a rose garden and a pond for water plants now accommodates a cafe and a children’s play area(Task 18)

Ting 原文:好句與要修的句子

✓ 好句 On the right side, the section which previously housed a rose garden and a pond for water plants now accommodates a cafe and a children’s play area.
(Task 18)previously housed … now accommodates …,舊資訊+新資訊放在同一句,是地圖題最值得背的骨架。

✓ 好句 Finally, the location of the school will remain unchanged.
(Task 46)最後一句交代「沒有變的東西」,讓讀者知道你有看完整張圖。我筆記裡也特別把這種句子標成「放在最後一句」。

 … and all the seats have been knocked-out and relocated to other places.
→ 改法 … and the seats around it have been removed.
(Task 18)拆除是 knock down,不是 knock out(擊倒、淘汰);relocated to other places 太模糊,圖上看不出搬去哪裡就不要寫。

 The main road will be taken place by a pedestrians only pathway.
→ 改法 The main road will be replaced by a pedestrian-only street.
(Task 46)片語是 take the place of,不能變成被動 be taken place by;pedestrian-only 當形容詞要用連字號、單數。

繼續讀 · 第 2 / 3 篇

方位詞、分段與 Overview →

✦ Target Your Future

有些日子,明明練了很久,成績卻還停在原地。希望這篇筆記能讓你知道,備考路上遇到挫折並不孤單。一次次重聽的錄音、改過的作文、終於敢說出口的句子,都是你已經走過的路。

把這些經驗寫下來,是想陪下一個正在準備的人少繞一點路。你不必照著我的方法前進,只需要慢慢找到適合自己的節奏。累的時候可以休息,再回來做今天能完成的一小步。

願你最後帶走的,不只是成績單上的數字,還有更相信自己、敢往世界走近一點的勇氣。

— Ting

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