小作文文法整理｜共 4 篇
- 1. 六組文法、時態與比較句（你正在讀）
- 2. 被動語態與關係子句
- 3. 數字介系詞與單複數
- 4. 改寫示範與檢查清單
整理小作文原文的時候，我發現一件有點意外的事：27 篇 Task 1 裡，Grammatical Range and Accuracy（GRA）有 22 篇拿 7 分，兩篇 8 分（生質乙醇流程圖 Task 37、道路支出長條圖 Task 40），一篇 7–8 分（大學設施表格 Task 47），只有兩篇掉到 6 分（醫院道路 Task 19、港口 Task 33），而且兩篇都是地圖題。換句話說，小作文的文法不像大作文那樣「什麼都可能錯」，它的錯誤集中在幾個固定位置：時態、比較、被動、關係子句、數字介系詞、主詞動詞一致。
大作文常見的文法錯誤（冠詞、if 條件句、逗點串句等），我已經整理在雅思寫作文法錯誤整理；這篇只講「小作文專用」的文法，也就是每次描述圖表一定會用到的那幾組句型。每一組我都放原文的好句和錯句，錯句保留當時送出的原樣，後面附改法。
一、小作文其實只用六組文法
小作文的句子其實很像：主詞是「某個數字、比例或地點」，動詞是「上升、佔、被改建」，後面接數字或位置。所以只要把下面六組練熟，九成的句子都能寫對。
| 文法組 | 主要用在 | 我最常錯的地方 | 對應的題型文章 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 時態 | 所有題型，第一句就決定 | 過去的年份用現在完成式；同一段時態跳動 | 小作文總論、地圖題 |
| 比較級／最高級／倍數 | 靜態圖、兩國兩年的比較 | 最高級漏 the；比較對象不對等；倍數寫法 | 靜態圖 |
| 被動語態 | 流程圖、地圖題 | are been、漏 be、不及物動詞硬用被動 | 流程圖、地圖題 |
| 關係子句／分詞構句 | 補充數字、併句 | 漏 who／which、with 後面接過去式、懸垂分詞 | 第 2 篇第五節 |
| 數字與介系詞 | 動態圖、所有帶數字的句子 | between … to、in 0.2 million、began at 6% increase | 動態圖 |
| 主詞動詞一致 | 所有題型 | the percentage were、a new space … are | 文法錯誤整理 |
學姊提醒：GRA 7 的公開描述大意是「用了多種複雜句，而且多數句子沒有錯誤」。小作文只有 170 字左右，十來個句子，錯三、四句就很明顯。所以與其追求更難的句型，不如把這六組的「固定錯誤」先清掉。
二、時態：先問三個問題再下筆
時態的完整對照表我放在小作文總論第七節，這裡用「三個問題」的方式重新整理一次，因為我實際犯的錯，都是下筆前沒想清楚這三件事：
- 圖上有沒有時間？沒有（例如問卷結果、流程圖）→ 現在簡單式。
- 時間是不是都在過去？是 → 過去簡單式；講「到某個過去年份為止」才用過去完成式（By 2015, … had risen）。
- 有沒有 now、today 或未來？有 now／today → 描述現況用現在式、描述改變用現在完成式；有未來 → is expected to／will be＋p.p.／is planned to。
| 情境 | 時態 | 句型骨架 |
|---|---|---|
| 過去年份的趨勢 | 過去簡單式 | The figure rose to 40% in 2009. |
| 到某過去年份為止的結果 | 過去完成式 | By 2015, the number had fallen to 27 million. |
| 現在 vs 過去（地圖） | 現在完成式（被動） | The fountain has been replaced by a rose garden. |
| 未來規劃（地圖） | will be＋p.p.／is planned to be＋p.p. | A new bridge will be constructed. |
| 預測數字 | is expected／projected to＋V | The figure is projected to reach 60% by 2040. |
| 沒有時間的調查或流程 | 現在簡單式 | Private studios account for 48% of classes. |
Ting 原文：時態寫對與寫錯
✓ 好句 Overall, it is planned to undergo dramatic changes; a number of housing areas and new facilities are going to be built in the future.
（Task 31 工業區規劃）未來規劃題的標準示範：is planned to＋V、are going to be built，被動和未來一次到位。
✓ 好句 By 2015, they had decreased slight to roughly 27m and 28m in 2015.
（Task 5）By＋過去年份配過去完成式，觀念是對的；要修的是 slight → slightly，句尾的 in 2015 和前面的 By 2015 重複，刪掉一個。
✗ 原文 Overall, the percentages of all three countries have increased.
→ 改法 Overall, the proportion of Internet users rose in all three countries.
（Task 28）資料是 1999–2009，整段時間都在過去，用過去簡單式就好。現在完成式暗示「影響延續到現在」，圖表沒有給這個資訊。另外 the percentages of all three countries 是「國家的百分比」，應該講「網路使用者的比例」。
✗ 原文 Overall, the sports centre planned to witness dramatic changes.
→ 改法 Overall, the sports centre is planned to undergo dramatic changes.
（Task 38）未來規劃要用 is planned to／will；寫成 planned to（過去式主動）變成「運動中心過去打算…」，主詞也不會自己 plan。
✗ 原文 The pictures illustrate the transformation of Grange Park as it first be built in 1920 and it is today.
→ 改法 The plans show Grange Park when it first opened in 1920 and as it is today.
（Task 18）1920 是過去，be built 要改成 was built 或直接用題目的 opened；as it is today 前面兩個子句要對稱。
✗ 原文 Overall, went to a cafe is a most common habit in all cities except Adelaide. … the highest and second highest percentage go to Sydney and Melbourne …
→ 改法 Overall, going to a café was the most common habit in every city except Adelaide.
（Task 16）問卷問的是「過去四週」的行為，整篇統一用過去式比較安全；我原文一下 bought、went，一下 is、go，同一篇換來換去。動名詞當主詞要寫 going，不是 went。
（Task 31 工業區規劃）未來規劃題的標準示範：is planned to＋V、are going to be built，被動和未來一次到位。
✓ 好句 By 2015, they had decreased slight to roughly 27m and 28m in 2015.
（Task 5）By＋過去年份配過去完成式，觀念是對的；要修的是 slight → slightly，句尾的 in 2015 和前面的 By 2015 重複，刪掉一個。
✗ 原文 Overall, the percentages of all three countries have increased.
→ 改法 Overall, the proportion of Internet users rose in all three countries.
（Task 28）資料是 1999–2009，整段時間都在過去，用過去簡單式就好。現在完成式暗示「影響延續到現在」，圖表沒有給這個資訊。另外 the percentages of all three countries 是「國家的百分比」，應該講「網路使用者的比例」。
✗ 原文 Overall, the sports centre planned to witness dramatic changes.
→ 改法 Overall, the sports centre is planned to undergo dramatic changes.
（Task 38）未來規劃要用 is planned to／will；寫成 planned to（過去式主動）變成「運動中心過去打算…」，主詞也不會自己 plan。
✗ 原文 The pictures illustrate the transformation of Grange Park as it first be built in 1920 and it is today.
→ 改法 The plans show Grange Park when it first opened in 1920 and as it is today.
（Task 18）1920 是過去，be built 要改成 was built 或直接用題目的 opened；as it is today 前面兩個子句要對稱。
✗ 原文 Overall, went to a cafe is a most common habit in all cities except Adelaide. … the highest and second highest percentage go to Sydney and Melbourne …
→ 改法 Overall, going to a café was the most common habit in every city except Adelaide.
（Task 16）問卷問的是「過去四週」的行為，整篇統一用過去式比較安全；我原文一下 bought、went，一下 is、go，同一篇換來換去。動名詞當主詞要寫 going，不是 went。
學姊提醒：地圖題的時態最容易亂，因為一篇裡同時有過去、現在和改變。我後來的做法是：寫每一段的第一個動詞前，先在題目紙上寫下這段的時間（2000／today／future），寫完再檢查整段動詞有沒有跟著走。港口那篇（Task 33）前面都是 were，最後一句突然變 there are，就是沒有做這一步。
三、比較級、最高級與倍數
比較句是靜態圖的核心，比例用語和 while／whereas 的對比寫法我寫在靜態圖，這裡專講三件文法上的事：最高級的 the、比較對象要對等、倍數怎麼寫。
1. 最高級一定有 the，「最大的數量」用 largest 不用 biggest number
✗ 原文 Overall, London is the city which has oldest and longest underground system, and the system in Tokyo has biggest number of passengers.
→ 改法 Overall, London has the oldest and longest underground system, while Tokyo’s system carries the largest number of passengers.
（Task 22）oldest、longest、biggest 前面都漏了 the。number 搭配 large／small，比 big 自然。the city which has 可以直接拿掉，句子更短。
✗ 原文 In contrast, the shortest system is in Kyoto, which has less number of users as well.
→ 改法 In contrast, Kyoto has the shortest system and also the fewest passengers.
（Task 22）number 不能用 less 修飾；「人數少」用 fewer users 或 a smaller number of users。
→ 改法 Overall, London has the oldest and longest underground system, while Tokyo’s system carries the largest number of passengers.
（Task 22）oldest、longest、biggest 前面都漏了 the。number 搭配 large／small，比 big 自然。the city which has 可以直接拿掉，句子更短。
✗ 原文 In contrast, the shortest system is in Kyoto, which has less number of users as well.
→ 改法 In contrast, Kyoto has the shortest system and also the fewest passengers.
（Task 22）number 不能用 less 修飾；「人數少」用 fewer users 或 a smaller number of users。
2. 比較對象要對等：that of／those of
「A 的價格比 B 穩定」，英文要寫「A 的價格」比「B 的價格」，不能寫「A 的價格」比「B」。中文常常省略第二個「的價格」，英文就會變成拿價格跟金屬比。
✓ 好句 Overall, the proportion of the authorities’ expenditure on transport decreased in Italia, Portugal, and the UK, while that in the USA witnessed an upward trend.
（Task 40）that 代替 the proportion，避免重複名詞，比較對象也對等。（Italia 應為 Italy。）
✓ 好句 As regards North America, the water for industrial usage is the main contributor, making up nearly half of the total, closely followed by that for agricultural use, which accounts for 39%.
（Task 2）that for agricultural use 對應 the water for industrial usage，一句裡同時有分詞、followed by 和 which 子句。
✗ 原文 Regarding Copper, the fluctuation was not as significant as other metals …
→ 改法 Copper prices fluctuated less than those of the other two metals.
（Task 8）原句是拿「波動」和「金屬」比。改成 those of the other two metals（指 prices），或把主詞換成 Copper prices，比較對象就對了。
（Task 40）that 代替 the proportion，避免重複名詞，比較對象也對等。（Italia 應為 Italy。）
✓ 好句 As regards North America, the water for industrial usage is the main contributor, making up nearly half of the total, closely followed by that for agricultural use, which accounts for 39%.
（Task 2）that for agricultural use 對應 the water for industrial usage，一句裡同時有分詞、followed by 和 which 子句。
✗ 原文 Regarding Copper, the fluctuation was not as significant as other metals …
→ 改法 Copper prices fluctuated less than those of the other two metals.
（Task 8）原句是拿「波動」和「金屬」比。改成 those of the other two metals（指 prices），或把主詞換成 Copper prices，比較對象就對了。
3. 倍數：twice as … as、three times、double／triple
| 想表達 | 寫法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| A 是 B 的兩倍 | A is twice as high/large as B | The figure in South America (19%) was more than twice as high as that in Africa (9%).（示範） |
| A 是 B 的三倍 | A is three times as high as B／three times the figure for B | UK banana sales in 2004 were more than three times the 1999 figure.（示範） |
| 數量翻倍（動詞） | double／triple／quadruple | Coffee sales in Switzerland doubled from 3 to 6 million euros.（示範） |
| A 只有 B 的一半 | A is half as high as B／half the figure for B | The proportion was only half that of Britain.（示範） |
| 名詞用法 | a twofold／threefold increase | There was a threefold increase in sales.（示範） |
✗ 原文 Moving to the bananas’ sales, the number in UK in 2004 was 47 million, which was more that tripled the sales in 1999.
→ 改法 UK banana sales reached €47 million in 2004, more than three times the 1999 figure of €15 million.
（Task 24）more that 是 more than 的筆誤；tripled 是動詞過去式，不能放在 more than 後面當名詞用。要嘛寫 more than tripled（當動詞：sales more than tripled），要嘛寫 more than three times the 1999 figure。sales 用 number 也不太對，金額寫 sales 或 the figure。
✗ 原文 Moreover, nearly doubled of the ratio of water usage for domestic use in Africa(9%), that in South America(19%) holds roughly one-fifth of total usage.
→ 改法 Domestic use accounted for 19% in South America, more than twice the figure for Africa (9%).
（Task 2）doubled 是動詞，不能接 of 當名詞；19 是 9 的兩倍多，方向也要寫 more than，不是 nearly。
✗ 原文 Compared with 36% in Britain, other goods and services were the second highest proportion in Hong Kong with only 28%.
→ 改法 Other goods and services accounted for only 28% of spending in Hong Kong, compared with 36% in Britain, making it the second largest category there.
（Task 14）Compared with 開頭的分詞片語，主詞應該和後面主要子句一致；原句把「36%」和「其他商品服務」放在一起比。把 compared with 移到數字後面最穩。
→ 改法 UK banana sales reached €47 million in 2004, more than three times the 1999 figure of €15 million.
（Task 24）more that 是 more than 的筆誤；tripled 是動詞過去式，不能放在 more than 後面當名詞用。要嘛寫 more than tripled（當動詞：sales more than tripled），要嘛寫 more than three times the 1999 figure。sales 用 number 也不太對，金額寫 sales 或 the figure。
✗ 原文 Moreover, nearly doubled of the ratio of water usage for domestic use in Africa(9%), that in South America(19%) holds roughly one-fifth of total usage.
→ 改法 Domestic use accounted for 19% in South America, more than twice the figure for Africa (9%).
（Task 2）doubled 是動詞，不能接 of 當名詞；19 是 9 的兩倍多，方向也要寫 more than，不是 nearly。
✗ 原文 Compared with 36% in Britain, other goods and services were the second highest proportion in Hong Kong with only 28%.
→ 改法 Other goods and services accounted for only 28% of spending in Hong Kong, compared with 36% in Britain, making it the second largest category there.
（Task 14）Compared with 開頭的分詞片語，主詞應該和後面主要子句一致；原句把「36%」和「其他商品服務」放在一起比。把 compared with 移到數字後面最穩。
學姊提醒：times higher than 在英文寫作裡有爭議（three times higher 到底是 3 倍還是 4 倍），保險起見寫 three times as high as 或 three times the figure for。考場上不需要冒這個險。
繼續讀 · 第 2 / 4 篇
✦ Target Your Future
有些日子，明明練了很久，成績卻還停在原地。希望這篇筆記能讓你知道，備考路上遇到挫折並不孤單。一次次重聽的錄音、改過的作文、終於敢說出口的句子，都是你已經走過的路。
把這些經驗寫下來，是想陪下一個正在準備的人少繞一點路。你不必照著我的方法前進，只需要慢慢找到適合自己的節奏。累的時候可以休息，再回來做今天能完成的一小步。
願你最後帶走的，不只是成績單上的數字，還有更相信自己、敢往世界走近一點的勇氣。
— Ting
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